Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Utafiti wa Usahihi wa Utambuzi	Ubunifu wa Utafiti wa Kikundi
Nyanja	Utafiti wa Kliniki	Utafiti wa Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2003-2015	1970s-1980s
Mwanzilishi	Bossuyt, Reitsma, and STARD group (2003); clinical epidemiology pioneers	Donald Acheson, Olli Miettinen, and others in modern epidemiology
Aina	Research Design	Research Design
Chanzo asilia	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., ... & de Vet, H. C. (2003). Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(1), 40–44.	Miettinen, O. S. (1976). Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 103(2), 226–235.
Majina mbadala	diagnostic accuracy study, test accuracy, STARD, diagnostic evaluation	prospective study, follow-up study, longitudinal study, cohort study
Zinazohusiana	2	2
Muhtasari	A diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a new diagnostic test (or biomarker, imaging modality, clinical assessment) detects the presence or absence of disease compared to a reference standard (gold standard). Standardized since 2003 by the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) initiative, diagnostic accuracy studies are fundamental to clinical medicine, determining whether and how new tests can improve patient diagnosis and treatment.	A cohort study follows a group of individuals forward in time from exposure to outcome. Exposed and unexposed participants (or participants with differing exposure levels) are enrolled at baseline, characterized, and observed prospectively until the outcome occurs or the study ends. Cohort studies are fundamental to epidemiology and are the design of choice for establishing causal associations when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical.