Linganisha mbinu

	Uchaguzi wa Kesi Zinazotofautiana	Uchanganuzi wa Kiwango cha Juu cha Utatanishi
Nyanja	Metodolojia ya Dodoso	Metodolojia ya Dodoso
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990	1985 (Lincoln & Guba); elaborated 1990–2002 (Patton)
Mwanzilishi	Michael Quinn Patton	Lincoln & Guba; systematised by Michael Quinn Patton
Aina	Purposive qualitative sampling strategy	Purposive qualitative sampling strategy
Chanzo asilia	Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761919711	Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage. Chapter 5: Purposeful Sampling. ISBN: 978-0761919711
Majina mbadala	extreme case sampling, outlier sampling, negative case sampling, deviant-case selection	maximum variation sampling, maximum diversity sampling, MVS, heterogeneous sampling
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Deviant case sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy in which the researcher intentionally selects cases that are unusual, exceptional, or markedly different from the norm — outliers, extreme successes, or conspicuous failures. The goal is not statistical representation but deep learning from cases that illuminate the boundaries of a phenomenon, challenge prevailing assumptions, or reveal processes that typical cases obscure.	Maximum variation sampling is a purposive qualitative sampling strategy in which the researcher deliberately selects cases that span the widest possible range of variation on dimensions central to the study. The goal is not statistical representation but the identification of common patterns that cut across diverse cases as well as the documentation of the unique ways each context shapes the phenomenon under investigation.