Linganisha mbinu

	Muundo wa Mbinu Mchanganyiko wa Urekebishaji wa Msingi wa Ubunifu	Utafiti Shirikishi wa Vitendo (PAR)
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Mwanzilishi	Donna M. Mertens (transformative framework); anchored in design-based research tradition (Brown, Collins, Edelson)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Aina	Mixed methods research design	Qualitative research method
Chanzo asilia	Mertens, D. M. (2007). Transformative paradigm: Mixed methods and social justice. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(3), 212–225.	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Majina mbadala	DB-TMMD, transformative design-based mixed methods, design-based transformative inquiry, social justice design-based mixed methods	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Zinazohusiana	2	6
Muhtasari	Design-Based Transformative Mixed Methods Design integrates Donna Mertens' transformative paradigm — which foregrounds social justice, equity, and the perspectives of marginalized groups — with the iterative intervention cycles of design-based research. It systematically combines quantitative and qualitative data across successive design-test-refine cycles to both understand and actively improve conditions for underrepresented communities. The approach is prominent in education, public health, and community-engaged research where changing unjust structures is an explicit goal alongside knowledge generation.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.