Linganisha mbinu

	Mbinu Mchanganyiko za Vitendo Zinazotokana na Ubunifu	Utafiti Shirikishi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2000s–2010s	1946
Mwanzilishi	Synthesised from Design-Based Research Collective (2003) and pragmatist mixed methods scholars (Creswell, Tashakkori, Teddlie)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
Aina	Mixed methods research design	Method
Chanzo asilia	Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506386706	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
Majina mbadala	DBPMM, design-based mixed methods, pragmatic design-based research, educational design research with mixed methods	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
Zinazohusiana	2	1
Muhtasari	Design-based pragmatic mixed methods combines the iterative, intervention-focused logic of design-based research (DBR) with the philosophical pragmatism that underpins mixed methods inquiry. Researchers design, test, and refine an educational or organisational intervention across multiple cycles while simultaneously collecting quantitative outcome data and qualitative process data. The pragmatist worldview licenses the integration of both data strands in service of a practical research question: does this design work, for whom, and why?	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.