Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Maelezo× | Utafiti wa Kiasi wa Ugunduzi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Muundo wa Utafiti | Muundo wa Utafiti |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s | Mid-20th century (codified in social research methods texts c. 1950s–1970s) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger | Earl Babbie; John Creswell (systematic codification in social science methods) |
| Aina | Non-experimental quantitative research design | Non-experimental quantitative research design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101 | Babbie, E. (2021). The Practice of Social Research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-0357360767 |
| Majina mbadala | descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research | quantitative exploratory design, exploratory survey research, initial quantitative investigation, preliminary quantitative study |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 3 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences. | Exploratory quantitative research is a non-experimental design used when a phenomenon is insufficiently understood to support formal hypothesis testing. The researcher collects numerical data — typically through surveys, structured observation, or existing records — to describe distributions, detect patterns, and generate hypotheses that more targeted confirmatory studies can subsequently test. It occupies the first stage of a cumulative quantitative research programme. |
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