Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kiwango cha Maadili ya Kidemokrasia× | Kiwango cha Kujiamini kwa Ujumla× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sosholojia ya Siasa | Sosholojia ya Siasa |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1999–2015 | 1956–1994 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Russell Dalton, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Christian Welzel | Morris Rosenberg, Toshio Yamagishi |
| Aina | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford University Press. link ↗ | Rosenberg, M. (1956). Misanthropy, political ideology, and political information. Public Opinion Quarterly, 20(2), 274-290. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | DVS, Democratic Attitudes Scale | GTS, Trust in Strangers |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Democratic Values Scale measures commitment to core principles of democratic governance including free speech, rule of law, fair elections, protection of minorities, and transparent institutions. Rather than measuring support for democracy as a system (which is nearly universal in principle), it captures depth of commitment to democratic norms, tolerance for dissent, and willingness to protect rights of political opponents. Developed by comparative political scientists including Dalton, Klingemann, and Welzel, it reveals psychological foundations of democratic stability. | The Generalized Trust Scale measures an individual's propensity to trust people in general, particularly strangers with whom they have no direct relationship. Originally developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1956 and later refined by Toshio Yamagishi and colleagues, it has become foundational in research on social capital, civic participation, and intergroup relations. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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