Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Mfadhaiko, Wasiwasi na Msongo-21 (DASS-21)	Kipimo cha Wasiwasi na Msongo wa Mawazo Hospitalini (HADS)	Jumla ya Tathmini ya Athari Chanya na Hasi (PANAS)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	1983	1988
Mwanzilishi	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen
Aina	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Mood and affect self-assessment
Chanzo asilia	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Majina mbadala	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	PANAS, PANAS-X
Zinazohusiana	5	4	5
Muhtasari	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.