Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Matokeo ya DASH	Kielezo cha Ulemavu cha Oswestry	Kipimo cha Osteoarthritis cha WOMAC
Nyanja	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	1980	1988
Mwanzilishi	Hudak, Amadio, Bombardier	Fairbank, Couper, Davies, O'Brien	Bellamy, Buchanan, Goldsmith
Aina	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure
Chanzo asilia	Hudak, P. L., Amadio, P. C., & Bombardier, C. (1996). Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29(6), 602–608.	Oswestry, J. D., Proudfoot, S. J., Everleigh, S., & Sparkes, V. (1980). An automatic method for measuring vertebral interbody disc heights. Clinical Biomechanics, 5(2), 104–109.	Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology, 15(12), 1833–1840.
Majina mbadala	DASH, QuickDASH	ODI, Oswestry Index, Low Back Pain Scale	WOMAC Scale, WOMAC Arthritis Index
Zinazohusiana	4	4	4
Muhtasari	The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure physical disability and symptoms in patients with upper extremity disorders. Developed by Hudak, Amadio, and Bombardier in 1996, the DASH has become the most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for assessing disability and functional impact in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand conditions.	The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and track treatment response in patients across acute, subacute, and chronic presentations.	The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Developed by Bellamy and colleagues in 1988, it has become the gold standard outcome measure in osteoarthritis clinical trials and practice.