Linganisha mbinu

	Cyberball Paradigm	Need to Belong Scale
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2000	2013
Mwanzilishi	Kipling Williams and colleagues	Mark Leary and colleagues
Aina	Experimental paradigm for social exclusion	Self-report individual-difference scale
Chanzo asilia	Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.	Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013). Construct validity of the Need to Belong Scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(6), 610-624.
Majina mbadala	Cyberball, Cyberostracism Paradigm, Virtual Ball-Toss Ostracism Task	NTBS, Belongingness Need Scale, Need for Belonging Measure
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Cyberball paradigm, introduced by Williams, Cheung, and Choi in 2000, is the most widely used experimental method for inducing social exclusion in the laboratory. Participants believe they are playing a simple online ball-toss game with two or three other people, who are in fact computer-controlled. In the inclusion condition the participant receives the ball about as often as everyone else; in the exclusion condition the other players throw the ball to each other but, after a few initial throws, stop throwing to the participant entirely, ostracizing them. Despite the triviality and artificiality of the game -- the players are unseen strangers and the ball is virtual -- being excluded reliably threatens four fundamental needs (belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence) and produces negative mood and a cascade of downstream effects. Cyberball's power, simplicity, and adaptability made it the standard tool for studying the psychology of ostracism and rejection.	The Need to Belong Scale (NTBS) is a brief self-report instrument that measures individual differences in the strength of a person's motivation to form and maintain social bonds. Grounded in Baumeister and Leary's belongingness hypothesis -- the claim that the need to belong is a fundamental human motive -- the scale asks respondents to rate agreement with statements about wanting acceptance, fearing rejection, and needing to feel connected. Leary, Kelly, Cottrell, and Schreindorfer's 2013 validation established its construct validity across nine studies, showing that need to belong correlates with but is distinct from related constructs such as affiliation motivation and extraversion, and predicts sensitivity to social cues and reactions to exclusion. It has become a standard moderator and individual-difference measure in research on rejection, ostracism, and social motivation.