Linganisha mbinu

	Curriculum-Based Measurement	Formative Assessment
Nyanja	Education	Education
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1985	1998
Mwanzilishi	Stanley Deno and colleagues (University of Minnesota)	Scriven (term); Bloom; Black & Wiliam (modern synthesis)
Aina	Standardized, repeated brief measures for monitoring academic progress	Instructional process using evidence of learning to adapt teaching and feedback
Chanzo asilia	Deno, S. L. (1985). Curriculum-based measurement: The emerging alternative. Exceptional Children, 52(3), 219–232.	Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 5(1), 7–74.
Majina mbadala	CBM, Curriculum-Based Progress Monitoring, General Outcome Measurement, CBM Probes	Assessment for Learning, Classroom Formative Assessment, Feedback-Based Assessment, Embedded Formative Assessment
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a standardized system of brief, repeated assessments used to monitor a student's academic progress over time. Developed by Stanley Deno and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, CBM uses short, technically adequate probes — such as one-minute oral reading fluency or math computation samples — sampled from the year's curriculum at a fixed difficulty. Scores are charted week by week, and the slope of improvement is compared against a goal line to judge whether instruction is working and to trigger timely changes.	Formative assessment, or assessment for learning, is the practice of gathering evidence of student understanding during instruction and using it immediately to adjust teaching and to give feedback that moves learning forward. Unlike summative assessment, which measures learning after the fact for grading or accountability, formative assessment is woven into the teaching cycle. Synthesized influentially by Black and Wiliam, it is defined not by the type of instrument but by whether the resulting evidence actually changes subsequent instruction and learning.