Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Lag Uliosambazwa kwa Msalaba	ARDL za Msalaba-Sehemu	Makadirio ya Kienyeji
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	2001	2006	2005
Mwanzilishi	Pesaran, Shin, and Smith	Pesaran and colleagues	Oscar Jorda
Aina	Distributed lag model	Dynamic panel model	Multi-horizon regression
Chanzo asilia	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships and dynamics. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.	Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (2016). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117.	Jorda, O. (2005). Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections. American Economic Review, 95(1), 161-182.
Majina mbadala	Panel distributed lag model	Panel ARDL with cross-sectional dependence	LP-IR, Multi-horizon regression
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	CS-DL (Cross-Sectional Distributed Lag) is a simplified dynamic panel model regressing outcomes on current and lagged explanatory variables without explicit autoregressive terms, while accounting for cross-sectional dependence. Built on Pesaran et al. (2001) and extended by Chudik et al. (2014), it estimates dynamic effects more parsimoniously than ARDL when autocorrelated lags are less critical. This approach is valuable for short-horizon effects and policy impact analysis.	CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional ARDL) applies the ARDL framework to panel data while explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence—correlation of shocks and relationships across units (countries, firms, regions). Introduced by Pesaran and colleagues (2016), it extends panel ARDL methods to handle common factors or global shocks affecting all units simultaneously. This is crucial for realistic modeling of internationally integrated economies and firm networks.	Local Projections (LP) is a semi-parametric method for estimating impulse responses directly via multi-horizon regressions, bypassing VAR-model specification. Introduced by Jorda (2005), it projects outcomes h periods ahead onto current shocks and lags, producing impulse-response functions without assuming a particular lag structure or VAR order. This flexibility has made it the dominant approach in applied macroeconomics for measuring policy effects and shock transmission.