Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Mseto wa Tabulasi	Uchanganuzi wa Marudio
Nyanja	Takwimu	Takwimu
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1900	19th century
Mwanzilishi	Karl Pearson	Classical statistics (no single inventor)
Aina	Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis	Descriptive summary
Chanzo asilia	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185
Majina mbadala	crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis	frequency distribution, frequency table, tally analysis, count analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	3
Muhtasari	Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.	Frequency analysis is a fundamental descriptive technique that tallies how often each distinct value or category appears in a dataset. It produces absolute counts, relative percentages, and cumulative frequencies, giving an immediate picture of how observations are distributed across categories. It is the natural first step when exploring categorical or discrete variables before applying inferential tests.