Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchanganuzi wa Mseto wa Tabulasi× | Takwimu Elekezi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Takwimu | Takwimu |
| Familia | Hypothesis test | Hypothesis test |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1900 | 1977 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Karl Pearson | John W. Tukey |
| Aina≠ | Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis | Summary procedure |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175. DOI ↗ | Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165 |
| Majina mbadala≠ | crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis | summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables. | Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure. |
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