Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi Makini wa Kisemiotiki	Uchanganuzi wa Mihadhara Muhimu
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1957 (Barthes); systematised as critical approach in 1980s–1990s	Late 1970s–1990s (systematised ~1979–1995)
Mwanzilishi	Roland Barthes (mythologies/ideology in signs); extended by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen (social semiotics)	Norman Fairclough; Teun A. van Dijk; Ruth Wodak
Aina	Qualitative interpretive analysis	Qualitative research method
Chanzo asilia	Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415319157	Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press.
Majina mbadala	CSA, critical semiotics, critical sign analysis, ideological semiotic analysis	CDA, Critical Linguistics, Discourse-Historical Approach, Dialectical-Relational Analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	Critical semiotic analysis is a qualitative method that examines how signs — words, images, gestures, sounds — construct and naturalise ideological meanings. Drawing on Roland Barthes's distinction between denotation and connotation, and on critical social semiotics developed by Kress and van Leeuwen, the approach moves beyond surface-level description to expose how texts reproduce or challenge power relations, cultural norms, and dominant ideologies.	Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language in texts and talk constructs, sustains, and challenges relations of power, ideology, and social inequality. Drawing on linguistics, social theory, and critical philosophy, CDA treats discourse not merely as communication but as social practice — a site where dominance is reproduced and where resistance can be articulated. Developed in the late twentieth century by Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk, and Ruth Wodak, among others, CDA is applied to political speeches, media texts, policy documents, educational materials, and institutional interactions.