Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kiutamaduni (Critical Ethnography)	Uchanganuzi wa Wigo
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 20th century (~1980s–1993 systematisation)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)
Mwanzilishi	Jim Thomas (systematised); rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory (Adorno, Horkheimer) and feminist/postcolonial traditions	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell
Aina	Qualitative research method	Method
Chanzo asilia	Thomas, J. (1993). Doing Critical Ethnography. Sage Publications.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.
Majina mbadala	critical ethnographic research, critical qualitative ethnography, advocacy ethnography, emancipatory ethnography	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	2
Muhtasari	Critical ethnography is a qualitative research approach that combines sustained fieldwork immersion with explicit critical theory to examine how power, inequality, and ideology shape the lived experiences of marginalised communities. Unlike conventional ethnography, which aims to describe a culture as it is, critical ethnography commits the researcher to questioning what is taken for granted and to producing knowledge that can serve as a resource for social change. Rooted in Frankfurt School critical theory and expanded through feminist, postcolonial, and race-critical traditions, it treats the research process itself as a political act.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.