Linganisha mbinu

	Maelezo ya Kinyume (Counterfactual Explanations)	Msitu Nasibu
Nyanja	Ujifunzaji wa Mashine	Ujifunzaji wa Mashine
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	2017	2001
Mwanzilishi	Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt & Chris Russell	Breiman, L.
Aina	Post-hoc, model-agnostic explanation	Ensemble (bagging of decision trees)
Chanzo asilia	Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Russell, C. (2017). Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: Automated decisions and the GDPR. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 31, 841–887.	Breiman, L. (2001). Random Forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32.
Majina mbadala	Algorithmic Recourse, Contrastive Explanations, What-If Explanations, Karşıolgusal Açıklamalar	Rastgele Orman (Random Forest), rastgele orman, random decision forest, bagged tree ensemble
Zinazohusiana	2	4
Muhtasari	Counterfactual explanations, introduced by Wachter, Mittelstadt, and Russell in 2017, answer the question: 'What is the smallest change to the input that would have produced a different model output?' Rather than explaining why a model made a decision, they describe what would need to change for that decision to be reversed, making them particularly valuable for high-stakes applications such as credit scoring, medical diagnosis, and hiring decisions under frameworks like the EU GDPR.	Random Forest is an ensemble learning method, introduced by Leo Breiman in 2001, that grows many decision trees on bootstrap samples of the data and combines their votes to produce strong classification and regression. By pooling many slightly different trees, it produces more accurate and more stable predictions than any single tree.