Linganisha mbinu

	Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Policy	Uchanganuzi wa Ufanisi wa Gharama (CEA)
Nyanja	Public Policy	Uchumi wa Afya
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2015	1984
Mwanzilishi	Health-economics and program-evaluation tradition (Drummond et al.; Gold et al.)	Drummond & Stoddart (Health Economics Research Group, McMaster University)
Aina	Economic evaluation comparing cost per unit of effect	Method
Chanzo asilia	Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., & Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199665877	Gold, M. R., Siegel, J. E., Russell, L. B., & Weinstein, M. C. (Eds.). (1996). Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
Majina mbadala	Policy Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, CEA for Policy, Cost-Utility Analysis in Policy	CEA, ICER, Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is an economic evaluation that compares competing policies or programs by their cost relative to a single, common measure of effect — lives saved, cases averted, years of education gained, or quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Rather than valuing outcomes in money, CEA expresses results as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): the extra cost of one option per extra unit of outcome it delivers compared with the next-best alternative. Codified in standard references such as Drummond and colleagues' Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes and the US Panel's Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, CEA is the dominant appraisal tool for health and increasingly for other public programs with a shared outcome metric.	Cost-effectiveness analysis compares the incremental cost per unit of health benefit gained by one intervention relative to a comparator (standard care or best alternative). Developed rigorously in the 1980s by Drummond, Stoddart, and colleagues, CEA is now the standard framework for technology appraisal globally. NICE, HAS, CADTH, and other health technology assessment bodies use CEA to decide which treatments warrant public funding and at what price.