Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Mazungumzo	Uchanganuzi wa Wigo	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1960s–1974 (foundational lectures 1964–1972; landmark article 1974)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	CA, talk-in-interaction, sequential analysis, interactional analysis	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	2	5
Muhtasari	Conversation Analysis (CA) is a qualitative research method that examines the fine-grained sequential structure of naturally occurring talk and social interaction. Developed by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson in the 1960s and 1970s, CA investigates how participants in a conversation accomplish social actions — such as invitations, refusals, or diagnoses — through the precise moment-by-moment organisation of their talk, including turn-taking, sequence structure, repair, and recipient design.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.