Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)	Omega ya McDonald ya Hiyerariki (ωh)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1969	1999
Mwanzilishi	Karl Gustav Jöreskog	Roderick P. McDonald
Aina	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model	Reliability / composite score validity coefficient
Chanzo asilia	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.	Reise, S. P., Scheines, R., Widaman, K. F. & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: A bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(1), 5–26.
Majina mbadala	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis	omega hierarchical, omega-h, bifactor omega, composite score validity coefficient
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.	McDonald's hierarchical omega (ωh) is a coefficient derived from a bifactor confirmatory factor model that quantifies what proportion of total-score variance is attributable to a single general factor rather than to group-specific factors or item-level error. Introduced by Roderick P. McDonald (1999) and elaborated for bifactor applications by Reise and colleagues (2013) and Rodriguez and colleagues (2016), it is the primary index used in psychometrics to evaluate whether a composite total score is a defensible summary of a multidimensional scale.