Linganisha mbinu

	Uundaji wa Kipimo cha Upimaji unaobadilika kwa Kompyuta	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1970s–1980s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Frederic Lord (IRT foundations); CAT systems developed at ETS and ACT in the 1970s–1980s	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Measurement design and test construction	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Wainer, H., Dorans, N. J., Flaugher, R., Green, B. F., Mislevy, R. J., Steinberg, L., & Thissen, D. (2000). Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Primer (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805835113	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	CAT scale construction, adaptive test development, computerized adaptive testing scale design, CAT item bank development	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	Computerized adaptive test (CAT) scale development is the process of constructing, calibrating, and validating a large item bank such that the assessment algorithm can select items tailored to each examinee's estimated ability or trait level in real time. The result is a measurement instrument that achieves high precision with fewer items than a conventional fixed-form test.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.