Linganisha mbinu

	Uthabiti wa Upimaji wa Vipimo vya Kompyuta vinavyobadilika	Uchanganuzi wa Kimfumo wa Uhakiki (CFA)
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1990s–2000s	1969
Mwanzilishi	Building on Meredith (1993) for invariance and Lord (1980) for adaptive testing	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Aina	Measurement equivalence testing in adaptive testing contexts	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Chanzo asilia	Millsap, R. E. (2011). Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0805864946	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Majina mbadala	CAT measurement invariance, adaptive test invariance, CAT MI, measurement equivalence in CAT	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	4
Muhtasari	Computerized adaptive test measurement invariance evaluates whether a CAT instrument measures the same latent construct with the same psychometric properties across different groups (e.g., gender, language, clinical vs. community) or time points. It combines IRT-based adaptive test frameworks with measurement equivalence testing to ensure fair and comparable score interpretation.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.