Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchanganuzi Linganishi wa Kiutamaduni wa Kiutawala× | Uchanganuzi wa kiutamaduni kulinganishi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Mbinu za Kimaelezo | Mbinu za Kimaelezo |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1987 (IE origin); comparative applications developed 1990s–2000s | 1987–1995 (systematic comparative ethnography formalized) |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Dorothy E. Smith (IE foundation); comparative extension by subsequent IE scholars | George E. Marcus (multi-sited formulation); Charles C. Ragin (comparative logic) |
| Aina≠ | Qualitative multi-site institutional design | Qualitative comparative research design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105508 | Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95–117. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | CIE, comparative IE, multi-site institutional ethnography, cross-institutional ethnography | multi-sited ethnography, cross-site ethnography, comparative field research, comparative participant observation |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 5 | 6 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Comparative Institutional Ethnography (CIE) extends Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography to two or more institutional settings, revealing how texts, ruling relations, and coordinated work practices operate across different organizational contexts. By holding the standpoint of workers or clients constant while varying the institutional site, CIE exposes both the shared ideological mechanisms and the local divergences that shape everyday experience within institutions such as hospitals, schools, welfare agencies, or courts. | Comparative ethnography is a qualitative research design that conducts in-depth ethnographic fieldwork across two or more sites, groups, communities, or cultural settings in order to generate systematic comparisons. Rather than describing a single community in isolation, it traces similarities, differences, and interconnections across cases, producing theoretically grounded insights that no single site could yield alone. |
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