Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Linganishi wa Kihistoria wa Nyaraka	Process Tracing
Nyanja	Mbinu za Uwandani	Saikometriki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	Late 19th century (archival foundations); mid-20th century (comparative systematic application)	2005
Mwanzilishi	Leopold von Ranke (archival history); Theda Skocpol, Barrington Moore (comparative-historical synthesis)	Alexander George, Andrew Bennett
Aina	Qualitative comparative research design	Qualitative causal inference
Chanzo asilia	Skocpol, T. (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521294997	Bennett, A., & Checkel, J. T. (Eds.). (2015). Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge University Press.
Majina mbadala	comparative-historical analysis, cross-national archival research, comparative archival history, CHAR	—
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Comparative historical archival research combines systematic examination of primary archival sources across two or more historical cases — nations, regions, institutions, or time periods — to identify causal patterns, structural similarities, and divergences that single-case histories cannot reveal. It is the method of choice when researchers want to explain why similar or different outcomes emerged across distinct historical contexts using documentary evidence.	Process Tracing is a qualitative research method developed by George and Bennett (2005) for studying causal mechanisms and causal chains within individual cases. It involves examining the sequence of events and decision-making processes within a case to infer whether a hypothesized causal mechanism actually operated. Process tracing aims to strengthen causal inference in case studies by looking beyond correlation to understand how causes produce effects.