Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kulinganisha wa Elekezi	Utafiti Linganishi wa Kesi
Nyanja	Muundo wa Utafiti	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1843 (Mill); contemporary social-science formalisation 1971–1987	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)
Mwanzilishi	John Stuart Mill (methods of agreement and difference, 1843); formalised in social science by Arend Lijphart and Charles Ragin	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake
Aina	Observational explanatory research design	Qualitative / mixed research design
Chanzo asilia	Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. University of California Press. ISBN: 978-0520063167	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169
Majina mbadala	comparative explanation, explanatory comparative design, cross-case explanatory research, comparative causal analysis	cross-case study, multi-site case study, multiple case study design, comparative case analysis
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Comparative explanatory research is an observational design that systematically examines two or more groups, nations, organisations, or time points in order to explain why differences in outcomes occur. Rather than merely describing variation, it seeks causal or contributing mechanisms by holding some conditions constant while contrasting others — drawing on Mill's classical methods of agreement and difference.	Comparative case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across contexts. Rooted in Yin's replication logic and Stake's multiple case framework, it is particularly suited to questions that ask how or why a phenomenon unfolds differently — or similarly — across distinct settings, populations, or time periods.