Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa kiutamaduni kulinganishi	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1987–1995 (systematic comparative ethnography formalized)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	George E. Marcus (multi-sited formulation); Charles C. Ragin (comparative logic)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative comparative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Marcus, G. E. (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: The emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95–117.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	multi-sited ethnography, cross-site ethnography, comparative field research, comparative participant observation	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Comparative ethnography is a qualitative research design that conducts in-depth ethnographic fieldwork across two or more sites, groups, communities, or cultural settings in order to generate systematic comparisons. Rather than describing a single community in isolation, it traces similarities, differences, and interconnections across cases, producing theoretically grounded insights that no single site could yield alone.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.