Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kulinganisha wa Kidijitali wa Kiethnografia	Utafiti Linganishi wa Kesi	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995–2000 (multi-sited framework 1995; virtual ethnography 2000)	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Christine Hine (digital ethnography); George E. Marcus (multi-sited ethnography)	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research design	Qualitative / mixed research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958963	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	CDE, multi-site digital ethnography, cross-platform ethnography, comparative virtual ethnography	cross-case study, multi-site case study, multiple case study design, comparative case analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	5	4	5
Muhtasari	Comparative Digital Ethnography (CDE) is a qualitative design that applies ethnographic methods — sustained participant observation, interview, and artefact analysis — across two or more digital settings simultaneously. By systematically comparing practices, meanings, and interactions in different online environments (e.g., distinct platforms, communities, or national contexts), CDE surfaces both site-specific patterns and cross-cutting cultural logics that a single-site study would miss.	Comparative case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across contexts. Rooted in Yin's replication logic and Stake's multiple case framework, it is particularly suited to questions that ask how or why a phenomenon unfolds differently — or similarly — across distinct settings, populations, or time periods.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.