Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti Linganishi wa Kesi	Ethnografiya ya kidijitali
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1984 (Yin); 1995 (Stake)	Late 1990s – 2000s
Mwanzilishi	Robert K. Yin; Robert E. Stake	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)
Aina	Qualitative / mixed research design	Qualitative research method
Chanzo asilia	Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506336169	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228
Majina mbadala	cross-case study, multi-site case study, multiple case study design, comparative case analysis	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography
Zinazohusiana	4	6
Muhtasari	Comparative case study is a qualitative research design in which two or more bounded cases are studied in depth and then systematically compared to identify similarities, differences, and patterns across contexts. Rooted in Yin's replication logic and Stake's multiple case framework, it is particularly suited to questions that ask how or why a phenomenon unfolds differently — or similarly — across distinct settings, populations, or time periods.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.