Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Kukabiliwa na Mapigano (CES)	Kiwango cha Dhiki cha Kabla ya Kiwewe (PDI)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi	Saikolojia ya Kijeshi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	2001
Mwanzilishi	Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, Taylor, & Mora	Brunet, Akerib, & Birmes
Aina	Self-report	Self-report (retrospective to trauma)
Chanzo asilia	Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55.	Brunet, A., Akerib, V., & Birmes, P. (2001). Don't forget initial symptoms of acute stress disorder: Evaluation of a simple stack of criteria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 460-466.
Majina mbadala	CES, Keane Combat Exposure Scale	PDI, Peri-Traumatic Distress Inventory
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD.	The PDI is a 13-item self-report measure assessing the emotional, physical, and cognitive distress experienced during or immediately after a traumatic event. Developed by Brunet, Akerib, and Birmes in 2001, it captures acute peritraumatic responses (dissociation, fear, confusion) that predict risk for chronic PTSD. It is widely used in emergency medicine, military medical systems, and trauma research to identify acutely traumatized individuals at high risk for persistent psychological injury.