Linganisha mbinu

	Kronoamperometri	Voltammetry ya Mzunguko	Resonasi Plazmon Permukaan
Nyanja	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1954	1964	1971
Mwanzilishi	Paul Delahay	Randles Semyon Nicholson	Erich Kretschmann
Aina	Electrochemical technique	Electrochemical technique	Optical technique
Chanzo asilia	Bard, A. J., & Faulkner, L. R. (2001). Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition.	Nicholson, R. S., & Shain, I. (1964). Electroanalytical chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, 36(4), 706-723.	Kretschmann, E. (1971). Determination of optical constants of metals by excitation of surface plasmons. Zeitschrift für Physik, 241(4), 313-324.
Majina mbadala	CA, chronoamperometric method	CV, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemistry	SPR, surface plasmon, SPR biosensing
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	Chronoamperometry (CA) is an electrochemical technique that measures current as a function of time when a potential step is applied to an electrode. Developed by Delahay in the 1950s, CA reveals diffusion-controlled electrochemical processes and enables determination of diffusion coefficients, surface coverage, and kinetic rate constants by analyzing the transient current decay.	Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical technique that measures redox reactions by varying the voltage applied to an electrode and monitoring the resulting current. Developed by Nicholson and Shain in 1964, CV is one of the most widely used electrochemical methods, providing rapid information about the redox potentials and electron-transfer kinetics of molecules and materials.	Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is a real-time, label-free technique for detecting and monitoring biomolecular interactions at a sensor surface by measuring changes in the refractive index caused by ligand binding. Developed by Kretschmann in 1971 and applied to biosensing by Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström in 1983, SPR is now a gold standard for measuring binding kinetics (association and dissociation rates) and equilibrium binding constants in protein interactions, antibody-antigen recognition, and drug discovery.