Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Uhuru wa Chi-kwadrat cha Pearson	V ya Cramér	Kipimo cha McNemar
Nyanja	Takwimu	Takwimu	Takwimu
Familia	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1900	1946	1947
Mwanzilishi	Karl Pearson	Harald Cramér	Quinn McNemar
Aina	Nonparametric association / goodness-of-fit	Nonparametric association measure	Nonparametric test for paired binary data
Chanzo asilia	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables. Philosophical Magazine, Series 5, 50(302), 157–175.	Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691080420	McNemar, Q. (1947). Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika, 12(2), 153–157.
Majina mbadala	chi-squared test, χ² test, Ki-Kare Testi, chi-square test	cramers v, cramer v, phi coefficient (r×c), Cramer's V (İlişki Kuvveti)	McNemar chi-square test, test for correlated proportions, paired binary test, McNemar Testi
Zinazohusiana	3	3	5
Muhtasari	The chi-square test of independence is a nonparametric hypothesis test that determines whether two categorical variables are statistically associated or independent of one another. Introduced by Karl Pearson in 1900, it remains the standard procedure for analysing contingency tables and requires no assumption of normality — only that observations are independent and that expected cell frequencies are sufficiently large.	Cramer's V is a nonparametric effect-size statistic that measures the strength of association between two categorical variables on a scale from 0 to 1. Introduced by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in his 1946 work Mathematical Methods of Statistics, it generalises the phi coefficient to tables of any size, making it the standard companion statistic to the chi-square test.	McNemar's test is a nonparametric hypothesis test that compares two paired (correlated) binary proportions, such as a yes/no measurement taken on the same subjects before and after an intervention. It was introduced by Quinn McNemar in 1947 and works on the 2×2 table of matched outcomes.