Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Jamii cha Huzuni (CES-D)	Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)	Kiwango cha Dhiki ya kisaikolojia cha Kessler-10 (K10)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1977	1982	2002
Mwanzilishi	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Jerome A. Yesavage, Terry L. Brink, and colleagues	Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues
Aina	Community-based depression assessment	Age-appropriate depression screening	Non-specific psychological distress screening
Chanzo asilia	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.	Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. Y., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976.
Majina mbadala	CES-D, CESD	GDS, GDS-15, GDS-30	K10, K6, Kessler Scale
Zinazohusiana	5	5	5
Muhtasari	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a 30-item self-report depression screening instrument specifically designed for older adults. Developed by Yesavage, Brink, and colleagues in 1982, the GDS addresses the unique presentation of depression in aging populations, where symptoms may differ from younger adults. A validated 15-item short form (GDS-15) is widely used in primary care and community settings for rapid screening.	The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-item version (K6) is also widely used for rapid case identification.