Linganisha mbinu

	Mfululizo wa Kesi	Utafiti wa Ki-epidemiolojia wa Msalaba
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Longstanding; systematized in 20th century clinical research	1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th century
Mwanzilishi	Historical clinical practice; formalized in modern evidence-based medicine literature	Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)
Aina	Observational descriptive study	Observational, descriptive/analytic epidemiological design
Chanzo asilia	Case series. Wikipedia.	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195080407
Majina mbadala	case series report, clinical case series, consecutive case series, patient series	prevalence study, cross-sectional survey, transversal study, cross-sectional design
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	A case series is a descriptive observational study that documents the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of a group of patients who share a common condition, exposure, or intervention. Unlike case reports, which focus on a single patient, a case series aggregates data across multiple patients (typically three or more) to identify patterns, generate hypotheses, and characterize rare or novel conditions — without a concurrent control group.	A cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest simultaneously in a defined population at a single point in time (or over a short period). Because there is no follow-up, it is the most efficient observational design for estimating disease prevalence and for generating hypotheses about associations between risk factors and health outcomes.