Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kesi-udhibiti	Utafiti Ulinganifu wa Kesi na Kidhibiti
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s	1950s–1970s
Mwanzilishi	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s	Brian MacMahon and others; systematised by Schlesselman (1982)
Aina	Observational analytic study design	Observational analytic design
Chanzo asilia	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755474
Majina mbadala	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis	matched case-referent study, individually matched case-control, pair-matched case-control, matched case-control design
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.	A matched case-control study is an observational epidemiological design in which each case (a person with the disease or outcome of interest) is paired with one or more controls (persons without the outcome) who share one or more characteristics — such as age, sex, or clinical setting — to control confounding. Exposure history is then compared between cases and their matched controls to estimate the odds ratio of the exposure-disease association.