Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Utafiti wa Kesi-udhibiti× | Muundo wa Utafiti wa Usahihi wa Utambuzi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja≠ | Epidemiolojia | Utafiti wa Kliniki |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s | 2003-2015 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s | Bossuyt, Reitsma, and STARD group (2003); clinical epidemiology pioneers |
| Aina≠ | Observational analytic study design | Research Design |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860 | Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., ... & de Vet, H. C. (2003). Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Annals of Internal Medicine, 138(1), 40–44. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis | diagnostic accuracy study, test accuracy, STARD, diagnostic evaluation |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 6 | 2 |
| Muhtasari≠ | A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses. | A diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a new diagnostic test (or biomarker, imaging modality, clinical assessment) detects the presence or absence of disease compared to a reference standard (gold standard). Standardized since 2003 by the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) initiative, diagnostic accuracy studies are fundamental to clinical medicine, determining whether and how new tests can improve patient diagnosis and treatment. |
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