Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Kundi-Kesi	Njia ya Nafasi ya Kanuni
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1986	1983
Mwanzilishi	Ross Prentice	Kikumi K. Tatsuoka
Aina	Partial cohort sampling design	IRT-based diagnostic classification
Chanzo asilia	Prentice, R. L. (1986). A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials. Biometrika, 73(1), 1-11.	Hartz, S. M. (2002). A Bayesian framework for the unified treatment of assessing dimensionality, assessing local dependence, and estimating ability for unidimensional and multidimensional item response data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Majina mbadala	—	RSM
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Case-cohort design is an epidemiological study design developed by Prentice (1986) that efficiently combines features of case-control and cohort studies. Researchers enroll an entire cohort, follow it for outcomes, then measure exposures only on cases and a random subcohort, reducing measurement costs while maintaining valid causal inference.	Rule Space Methodology (RSM) is a diagnostic classification approach developed by Tatsuoka (1983) that uses Item Response Theory and geometric methods to classify examinees into knowledge states based on their response patterns. Unlike classical scoring, RSM identifies which specific skills or competencies an examinee possesses or lacks, enabling targeted educational interventions.