Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Cross-sectionally Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF)	Kipimo cha Mizizi-Mmoja cha Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF)	Jaribio la CIPS
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Hypothesis test	Regression model	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	2007	1979	2007
Mwanzilishi	M. Hashem Pesaran	David A. Dickey & Wayne A. Fuller	M. Hashem Pesaran
Aina	Panel unit-root test with cross-sectional augmentation	Unit-root test for stationarity	Panel unit-root test with cross-section dependence
Chanzo asilia	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.	Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.
Majina mbadala	Cross-Sectionally Augmented ADF, Panel CADF Test, Pesaran Panel Unit Root Test, CADF Birim Kök Testi	ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test, unit root test, Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller testi	Pesaran CIPS Test, Cross-Sectionally Augmented IPS, Second-Generation Panel Unit-Root Test, CIPS Birim Kök Testi
Zinazohusiana	3	4	3
Muhtasari	The Cross-sectionally Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed to handle cross-sectional dependence among panel units. Unlike first-generation panel unit-root tests that assume cross-sectional independence, the CADF test augments individual ADF regressions with cross-sectional averages of lagged levels and first differences, making it suitable for macro-panels and cross-country studies where common factors drive co-movement.	The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is the most widely used test for a unit root — that is, for whether a time series is non-stationary and must be differenced before modelling. Introduced by David Dickey and Wayne Fuller in 1979 and extended by Said and Dickey in 1984 to series with higher-order autocorrelation, it regresses the change in the series on its lagged level plus lagged differences and asks whether the lagged-level coefficient is zero.	The CIPS test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed for panels in which the cross-sectional units share unobserved common factors that induce cross-section dependence. By augmenting each individual ADF regression with cross-sectional averages and their lags, the CIPS test accounts for this dependence and produces reliable inference where first-generation tests such as the original IPS test break down. It is widely applied in macroeconomic and finance panels where shocks propagate across countries or regions.