Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa Bonus-Malus	Usuli wa Regresi ya Binomiali Hasiri
Nyanja	Sayansi ya Aktuaria	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1995	2011
Mwanzilishi	Jean Lemaire	Hilbe (textbook treatment); generalized linear model framework
Aina	Actuarial experience-rating model	Generalized linear model for count data
Chanzo asilia	Lemaire, J. (1995). Bonus-Malus Systems in Automobile Insurance. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN: 978-0-7923-9545-5	Hilbe, J. M. (2011). Negative Binomial Regression (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Majina mbadala	No-Claim Discount System, Merit Rating System, Experience Rating in Automobile Insurance, Prim-Ceza Sistemi	NB regression, NB2 regression, negatif binom regresyonu
Zinazohusiana	2	4
Muhtasari	A Bonus-Malus System (BMS) is an actuarial experience-rating mechanism used primarily in automobile insurance to adjust individual policyholders' premiums based on their personal claim history. Policyholders who remain claim-free receive premium discounts (bonus), while those who file claims are penalised with surcharges (malus). The framework was comprehensively formalised and analysed by Jean Lemaire in his landmark 1995 monograph, which remains the definitive reference for the design and evaluation of such systems worldwide.	Negative Binomial Regression is a generalized linear model for count outcomes that extends Poisson regression to handle overdispersion, where the variance of the counts exceeds their mean. Developed in the GLM tradition and treated in depth by Hilbe (2011), it adds a dispersion parameter so that inference stays valid when Poisson would understate the spread of the data.