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| Bogardus Social Distance Scale× | E-I Index× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Sociology | Sociology |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1925 | 1988 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Emory S. Bogardus (building on Robert E. Park) | David Krackhardt & Robert Stern |
| Aina≠ | Cumulative (Guttman-type) attitude scale of willingness for social contact | Index of the relative balance of between-group versus within-group ties |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring social distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299–308. (Mead Project digital archive, Brock University) link ↗ | Krackhardt, D., & Stern, R. N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123–140. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | Bogardus scale, social distance scale (Bogardus), cumulative social distance scale, Bogardus social distance measure | EI index, external-internal index, Krackhardt-Stern E-I ratio, E/I ratio |
| Zinazohusiana | 5 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Bogardus social distance scale, devised by Emory Bogardus in 1925, measures the degree of acceptance or rejection people feel toward members of other social, ethnic, or national groups. Respondents indicate the closest social relationship they would willingly accept with a target group, across an ordered series ranging from marriage and close friendship through neighbor and coworker down to exclusion from the country. Because the items form a cumulative (Guttman-type) hierarchy, a single score summarizes how much social distance a person places between themselves and each group. | The external-internal (E-I) index, introduced by Krackhardt and Stern, measures the extent to which the ties of a group point outward to other groups versus inward to its own members. It is the number of between-group (external) ties minus the number of within-group (internal) ties, divided by the total number of ties. Ranging from −1 (all ties internal, perfect insularity) to +1 (all ties external), it is a compact summary of homophily and group closure that can be computed for a whole network, for each group, or for each node. |
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