Linganisha mbinu

	Makubaliano ya Blockchain	Usanifu wa Kielektroniki wa Curve (ECC)	HMAC
Nyanja	Kriptografia	Kriptografia	Kriptografia
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	2008	1985	1997
Mwanzilishi	Satoshi Nakamoto	Neal Koblitz	Hugo Krawczyk
Aina	consensus mechanism	asymmetric encryption and key agreement	cryptographic authentication mechanism
Chanzo asilia	Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Retrieved from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf	Miller, V. S. (1985). Use of Elliptic Curves in Cryptography. In Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 1985, LNCS 218, pp. 417-426.	Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., & Crechanko, R. (1997). HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication. RFC 2104.
Majina mbadala	consensus algorithm, PoW, PoS, distributed consensus	ECC, elliptic curve cryptosystem	HMAC, keyed hash function
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	Blockchain consensus mechanisms are distributed protocols that enable a network of untrusted nodes to agree on the correct state of a ledger without a central authority. Introduced with Bitcoin in 2008, consensus mechanisms like Proof of Work and Proof of Stake ensure that modifications to the blockchain cannot be made unilaterally by any participant. Consensus mechanisms are fundamental to cryptocurrency and blockchain applications, making them resistant to tampering and censorship.	Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a public-key cryptosystem based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. Proposed independently by Neal Koblitz and Victor Miller in 1985, ECC offers equivalent security to RSA with much smaller key sizes. Modern cryptography increasingly favors ECC for its efficiency: a 256-bit ECC key provides security comparable to a 2048-bit RSA key, making it ideal for constrained environments and high-performance systems.	HMAC (Hash-Based Message Authentication Code) is a cryptographic algorithm for authenticating messages using a secret key and a hash function. Standardized in RFC 2104 (1997), HMAC can be combined with any cryptographic hash function (SHA-256, SHA-3, etc.) to create a message authentication code (MAC). HMAC provides both data integrity and authentication, detecting both accidental corruption and deliberate tampering, and is widely used in web security (TLS/SSL), API authentication, and network protocols.