Linganisha mbinu

	Beneish M-Score: Kutambua Ulaghai wa Faida	Altman Z-Score: Kutabiri Kufilisika kwa Mashirika
Nyanja	Fedha	Fedha
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1999	1968
Mwanzilishi	Messod Beneish	Edward Altman
Aina	Probabilistic forensic accounting model	Multiple discriminant analysis scoring model
Chanzo asilia	Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24–36.	Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.
Majina mbadala	Beneish Model, M-Score Model, Earnings Manipulation Score, Beneish M-Skoru	Altman's Z-Score Model, Multiple Discriminant Analysis Bankruptcy Model, Z-Score Financial Distress Model, Altman Z-Skoru
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Beneish M-Score is a statistical model developed by Messod Beneish in 1999 to identify whether a company has manipulated its reported earnings. The model combines eight financial-statement ratios into a single composite score using coefficients estimated from a probit regression on a sample of detected earnings manipulators. A score above −2.22 indicates a heightened probability of manipulation, making the M-Score a widely used tool in forensic accounting and investment due-diligence.	The Altman Z-Score is a linear discriminant model developed by Edward I. Altman in 1968 to predict corporate bankruptcy using five accounting-based financial ratios. Derived through multiple discriminant analysis on a matched sample of 66 US manufacturing firms, the model combines liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity ratios into a single composite score that classifies firms as financially sound, distressed, or in a grey zone.