Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti wa Uhakiki wa Utambuzi wa Kibayesiani	Utafiti wa Kesi-Udhibiti wa Kibayesiani
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Epidemiolojia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995–2001	1990s–2000s (systematic application); Bayesian inference foundations: Bayes/Laplace 18th–19th c.
Mwanzilishi	Joseph, Gyorkos & Coupal; Dendukuri & Joseph (formal Bayesian DTA framework)	Sander Greenland (Bayesian epidemiology formalization); earlier Bayesian logistic methods: Leonard (1972)
Aina	Bayesian inferential study design	Observational analytic study with Bayesian inference
Chanzo asilia	Dendukuri, N., & Joseph, L. (2001). Bayesian approaches to modeling the conditional dependence between multiple diagnostic tests. Biometrics, 57(1), 158–167.	Greenland, S. (2006). Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research: I. Foundations and basic methods. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(3), 765-775.
Majina mbadala	Bayesian DTA study, Bayesian test evaluation, Bayesian diagnostic test accuracy, BDAS	Bayesian case-control design, Bayesian odds ratio estimation, Bayesian matched case-control, Bayesian logistic regression case-control
Zinazohusiana	6	6
Muhtasari	A Bayesian diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a medical test distinguishes between people who have a condition and those who do not, using Bayesian statistical methods that formally incorporate prior knowledge into the estimation of sensitivity, specificity, and related measures. Unlike classical approaches that rely solely on the observed sample, Bayesian inference combines a likelihood model of the data with prior probability distributions to produce posterior estimates with intuitive credible intervals.	A Bayesian case-control study applies Bayesian statistical inference to the classic case-control epidemiological design, formally combining prior knowledge about exposure-disease associations with observed case and control data to estimate posterior odds ratios and credible intervals. Rather than relying solely on observed data, the Bayesian framework allows investigators to incorporate external evidence — from prior studies, expert knowledge, or mechanistic understanding — into the analysis, yielding probability statements about effect sizes that are often more interpretable than classical p-values and confidence intervals.