Linganisha mbinu

	ATR-FTIR	Upimaji wa Misa wa Mfumo wa Kugeuza Mvutano wa Mvutano wa Mvutano (FT-ICR)	SERS
Nyanja	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1961	1974	1974
Mwanzilishi	Joop Fahrenfort	Alan Marshall	Martin Fleischmann
Aina	Vibrational spectroscopy technique	Mass spectrometry technique	Vibrational spectroscopy technique
Chanzo asilia	Harrick, N. J. (1960). Study of physics of internal reflection from metals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 13(2), 143-155.	Comisarow, M. B., & Marshall, A. G. (1974). Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 25(2), 282-283.	Fleischmann, M., Hendra, P. J., & McQuillan, A. J. (1974). Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chemical Physics Letters, 26(2), 163-166.
Majina mbadala	ATR-IR, attenuated total reflectance, FTIR spectroscopy	FT-ICR-MS, Fourier Transform ICR, ICR mass spectrometry	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS spectroscopy
Zinazohusiana	3	4	3
Muhtasari	Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a variant of conventional FTIR that measures infrared absorption through evanescent-wave interrogation of samples in direct contact with a high-refractive-index crystal. Developed by Harrick and Fahrenfort in the 1960s, ATR-FTIR is now the dominant form of FTIR spectroscopy, enabling rapid, non-destructive characterization of organic compounds, polymers, coatings, and biological materials without extensive sample preparation.	Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry is an advanced analytical technique that combines magnetic confinement of ions with Fourier transform data processing to achieve exceptional mass accuracy and resolution. Developed by Comisarow and Marshall in 1974, FT-ICR-MS enables the determination of exact masses and elemental compositions of complex molecules, making it invaluable for environmental chemistry, metabolomics, petroleum characterization, and structural elucidation of unknowns.	Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) amplifies weak Raman signals by many orders of magnitude when analyte molecules are adsorbed on specially prepared metal (typically silver or gold) nanostructured surfaces. Discovered by Fleischmann, Hendra, and McQuillan in 1974, SERS enables detection of vibrational signatures of single molecules and ultra-trace contaminants, revolutionizing analytical chemistry and forensics.