Linganisha mbinu

	Atkinson Index	Gini Coefficient	Palma Ratio
Nyanja	Sociology	Sociology	Sociology
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1970	1912	2011 (Palma's finding); 2013–2014 (the ratio)
Mwanzilishi	Anthony Barnes Atkinson	Corrado Gini	Gabriel Palma; named by Cobham & Sumner
Aina	Welfare-based, parameterized inequality index	Scalar measure of statistical dispersion / inequality	Tail-ratio inequality measure
Chanzo asilia	Atkinson, A. B. (1970). On the measurement of inequality. Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 244–263.	Ceriani, L., & Verme, P. (2012). The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 10(3), 421–443.	Cobham, A., & Sumner, A. (2014). Is inequality all about the tails? The Palma measure of income inequality. Significance, 11(1), 10–13.
Majina mbadala	Atkinson inequality measure, Atkinson's A, welfare-based inequality index	Gini index, Gini ratio, Gini concentration ratio, G	Palma index, Palma measure, top10/bottom40 ratio
Zinazohusiana	5	5	5
Muhtasari	The Atkinson index is a welfare-based measure of inequality that incorporates an explicit, analyst-chosen parameter for how much society dislikes inequality. Introduced by Anthony Atkinson in 1970, it asks what fraction of total income could be discarded, under an equal distribution, while leaving social welfare unchanged — making the ethical judgement behind any inequality comparison transparent rather than hidden.	The Gini coefficient is the most widely used single-number summary of inequality in a distribution such as income or wealth. Introduced by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, it equals twice the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality, ranging from 0 when everyone has the same amount to a maximum approaching 1 when one unit holds everything.	The Palma ratio measures income inequality as the ratio of the income share held by the richest 10 percent of the population to the share held by the poorest 40 percent. It rests on the empirical regularity, documented by Gabriel Palma, that the middle deciles (5 through 9) capture a remarkably stable half of national income across countries, so that inequality is essentially a contest between the top and the bottom — the 'tails' of the distribution.