Linganisha mbinu

	Ugunduzi wa Harufu za Usanifu	Vipimo vya Utata wa Programu
Nyanja	Uhandisi wa Programu	Uhandisi wa Programu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2009	1976
Mwanzilishi	Martin Fowler and García et al.	Thomas J. McCabe
Aina	pattern-based analysis	quantitative measurement
Chanzo asilia	Fowler, M. (2018). Code smell. Martin Fowler's Website.	McCabe, T. J. (1976). A complexity measure. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2(4), 308–320.
Majina mbadala	design smell detection, architectural debt analysis, system quality assessment	code complexity analysis, complexity measurement
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Architecture smells are recurring patterns in system structure that indicate potential design problems. Introduced by García et al. (2009), these patterns signal violations of architectural principles (modularity, independence, abstraction) at system scale. Detection combines code metrics, dependency analysis, and pattern recognition to identify smells early, guiding refactoring and architectural improvements.	Software complexity metrics quantify the structural and operational difficulty of code through numerical measurements. Introduced by Thomas McCabe in 1976, cyclomatic complexity became the foundational approach. These metrics assess maintainability, testability, and defect risk, enabling teams to identify problematic code regions and guide refactoring efforts.