Linganisha mbinu

	Ugunduzi wa Harufu za Usanifu	Modeli ya Ut napaji wa Kasoro
Nyanja	Uhandisi wa Programu	Uhandisi wa Programu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2009	2005
Mwanzilishi	Martin Fowler and García et al.	Thomas Ostrand, Elaine Weyuker, Robert Bell
Aina	pattern-based analysis	machine learning model
Chanzo asilia	Fowler, M. (2018). Code smell. Martin Fowler's Website.	Ostrand, T. J., Weyuker, E. J., & Bell, R. M. (2005). Predicting the location and number of faults in large software systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 31(4), 340–355.
Majina mbadala	design smell detection, architectural debt analysis, system quality assessment	fault prediction, bug prediction, defect classification
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Architecture smells are recurring patterns in system structure that indicate potential design problems. Introduced by García et al. (2009), these patterns signal violations of architectural principles (modularity, independence, abstraction) at system scale. Detection combines code metrics, dependency analysis, and pattern recognition to identify smells early, guiding refactoring and architectural improvements.	Defect prediction models forecast the likelihood of software faults in code modules using statistical or machine learning approaches. Pioneered by Ostrand, Weyuker, and Bell (2005), these models correlate code metrics (complexity, churn, coupling) with historical defect data to identify high-risk components. Organizations use predictions to allocate testing resources, guide code review, and prioritize refactoring.