Linganisha mbinu

	Altman Z-Score: Kutabiri Kufilisika kwa Mashirika	Uchanganuzi wa Mikopo (Scorecards, WoE/IV)
Nyanja	Fedha	Fedha
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1968	1997
Mwanzilishi	Edward Altman	Hand & Henley; Thomas, Edelman & Crook
Aina	Multiple discriminant analysis scoring model	Supervised binary classification model
Chanzo asilia	Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.	Hand, D. J., & Henley, W. E. (1997). Statistical classification methods in consumer credit scoring: a review. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 160(3), 523–541.
Majina mbadala	Altman's Z-Score Model, Multiple Discriminant Analysis Bankruptcy Model, Z-Score Financial Distress Model, Altman Z-Skoru	Credit Scorecard, Application Scoring, Behavioural Scoring, Kredi Skorlama
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Altman Z-Score is a linear discriminant model developed by Edward I. Altman in 1968 to predict corporate bankruptcy using five accounting-based financial ratios. Derived through multiple discriminant analysis on a matched sample of 66 US manufacturing firms, the model combines liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity ratios into a single composite score that classifies firms as financially sound, distressed, or in a grey zone.	Credit scoring is a statistical technique that estimates the probability that a borrower will default on a financial obligation. Using Weight of Evidence (WoE) binning, Information Value (IV) variable selection, and logistic regression, it converts raw applicant data into a single integer score. Formalized by Hand and Henley (1997) and elaborated by Thomas, Edelman, and Crook, the scorecard framework has become the regulatory standard for retail credit risk assessment in banking, lending, and insurance.