Linganisha mbinu

	Altman Z-Score: Kutabiri Kufilisika kwa Mashirika	Beneish M-Score: Kutambua Ulaghai wa Faida
Nyanja	Fedha	Fedha
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1968	1999
Mwanzilishi	Edward Altman	Messod Beneish
Aina	Multiple discriminant analysis scoring model	Probabilistic forensic accounting model
Chanzo asilia	Altman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23(4), 589–609.	Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24–36.
Majina mbadala	Altman's Z-Score Model, Multiple Discriminant Analysis Bankruptcy Model, Z-Score Financial Distress Model, Altman Z-Skoru	Beneish Model, M-Score Model, Earnings Manipulation Score, Beneish M-Skoru
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Altman Z-Score is a linear discriminant model developed by Edward I. Altman in 1968 to predict corporate bankruptcy using five accounting-based financial ratios. Derived through multiple discriminant analysis on a matched sample of 66 US manufacturing firms, the model combines liquidity, profitability, leverage, solvency, and activity ratios into a single composite score that classifies firms as financially sound, distressed, or in a grey zone.	The Beneish M-Score is a statistical model developed by Messod Beneish in 1999 to identify whether a company has manipulated its reported earnings. The model combines eight financial-statement ratios into a single composite score using coefficients estimated from a probit regression on a sample of detected earnings manipulators. A score above −2.22 indicates a heightened probability of manipulation, making the M-Score a widely used tool in forensic accounting and investment due-diligence.