Linganisha mbinu

	Upangaji Jumuishi	Njia za Uhifadhi
Nyanja	Usimamizi wa Uendeshaji	Usimamizi wa Uendeshaji
Familia	Machine learning	Machine learning
Mwaka wa asili	1992	2014
Mwanzilishi	Wallace, T. F.	Coelho, L. C., Cordeau, J. F., & Laporte, G.
Aina	Demand-supply planning framework	Optimization problem
Chanzo asilia	Wallace, T. F. (1992). Sales & Operations Planning: The how-to handbook. Cincinnati: APICS Publications.	Coelho, L. C., Cordeau, J. F., & Laporte, G. (2014). Thirty years of inventory routing. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 55, 28-67.
Majina mbadala	sales and operations planning, production planning	IRP, vendor-managed logistics
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Aggregate Planning (or Sales & Operations Planning, S&OP) is a collaborative, iterative process that balances demand and supply at a high level—typically grouping products into families and planning over a 3–18 month horizon. Developed formally by Tom Wallace and popularized through APICS, aggregate planning helps organizations align sales forecasts, production capacity, inventory, and workforce to meet demand efficiently while managing costs. It serves as the bridge between strategic business plans and detailed operational execution.	The Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) is an optimization problem that jointly determines inventory levels at customer locations, delivery routes, and shipment quantities to minimize total logistics and inventory holding costs. Rather than treating inventory management and vehicle routing as separate decisions, IRP recognizes that they are interdependent: larger shipments reduce routing costs but increase inventory holding costs, and vice versa. IRP is solved using mixed-integer programming, heuristics, and metaheuristics, and is a cornerstone of vendor-managed inventory (VMI) programs.