Linganisha mbinu

	Skala Uwezo wa Kunyonya Maarifa	Kiwango cha Mwelekeo wa Ujasiriamali
Nyanja	Usimamizi wa Kimkakati	Usimamizi wa Kimkakati
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2002	1983
Mwanzilishi	Shaker Zahra and Gerard George	Danny Miller
Aina	Organizational self-report questionnaire	Organizational self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185–203.	Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791.
Majina mbadala	ACAP, Zahra-George Scale	EO Scale, Miller Scale
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	Absorptive Capacity (ACAP) refers to an organization's ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit external knowledge to enhance innovation and performance. Zahra and George (2002) reconceptualized absorptive capacity into four distinct but interrelated processes in their foundational Academy of Management Review article. This measurement scale captures organizational learning dynamics and knowledge-based competitive advantage, making it essential for assessing innovation capability and knowledge management effectiveness.	The Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) Scale, developed by Danny Miller (1983), measures the extent to which an organization exhibits strategic postures characteristic of entrepreneurship. It assesses three core dimensions—innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness—that distinguish entrepreneurial from conservative firms. This framework has become foundational in strategic management research and organizational behavior.