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	Ray Tracing Propagation Model	Noll-forcering och minimi medelkvadratfel-utjämning
Ämnesområde	Telekommunikation	Telekommunikation
Familj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ursprungsår	1993	1974
Upphovsperson	Maciel, Bertoni, and Xia	Saleh Mansour and Paul Zervos
Typ	deterministic propagation algorithm	linear equalization algorithm
Ursprungskälla	Maciel, T. F., Bertoni, H. L., & Xia, H. H. (1993). Unified approach to prediction of propagation over buildings for all ranges of frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 42(1), 41-45.	Proakis, J. G. (2001). Digital Communications (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Alias	deterministic propagation, site-specific modeling	channel equalization, interference cancellation
Närliggande	4	5
Sammanfattning	Ray tracing is a deterministic propagation modeling technique for predicting electromagnetic field strength at specific locations. Instead of empirical formulas (like Okumura-Hata), ray tracing traces paths of electromagnetic energy as it reflects, diffracts, and scatters off buildings and terrain. With accurate 3D geometry and material properties, ray tracing predicts site-specific path loss, multipath delay profiles, and angle of arrival, making it ideal for detailed coverage planning, interference analysis, and system design. Ray tracing is now standard in professional cellular planning tools.	Zero-Forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) equalization are fundamental linear receiver algorithms for combating intersymbol interference in dispersive channels. Developed in the context of data transmission theory, these methods form the basis of modern channel equalization in wireless and wired systems. While ZF aggressively cancels interference, MMSE balances interference suppression with noise enhancement, making it the optimal linear solution under Gaussian noise.